The OPT program provides an opportunity for international students studying in the United States under the F-1 visa to stay in the country and apply the knowledge acquired in school in practice jobs, get work experience, and make contacts that can further their careers.
This blog explains all about OPT, including the types of OPT, the application procedure, eligibility requirements, and how to opt for other types of visas.
What is OPT?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a temporary work authorization program for F-1 visa holders. It permits students to work in roles directly related to their field of study while they are still in school (Pre-completion OPT) or after graduation (Post-completion OPT).
OPT offers international students a chance to step into the professional world and gain hands-on experience in their area of expertise. Whether it’s an internship, a full-time job, or freelance work, OPT bridges the gap between academia and industry.
Why is OPT Important for International Students?
OPT is not just about gaining work authorization—it’s a unique opportunity for international students to:
- Apply academic knowledge: It’s one thing to learn theories in the classroom, but another to put those theories into action. OPT helps students bring learning to life.
- Build Professional Networks: Working in the U.S. means exposure to professionals working in related industries, which often extends to more extensive career connections and mentorship.
- Strengthen your Resume: U.S. work experience is valued in multiple countries, making your resume very attractive globally.
- Transition to Long-term Opportunities: OPT can be a stepping stone for H-1B visas or other long-term jobs in the United States.
Types of OPT
There are three main types of OPT: Pre-completion OPT, Post-completion OPT, and the STEM OPT extension. Each serves different needs and is utilized at different points in an academic program.
1. Pre-completion OPT
Definition and Eligibility: Pre-completion OPT is available to students who intend to work when in school. That means they are working part-time during the semester or full-time during the break periods of school.
Work Hour Restrictions:
- During the academic semester: Students can work up to 20 hours per week.
- During academic breaks: Students can work full-time.
Pre-completion OPT is not as widely used because most students prefer to keep all their options open for OPT when they can pursue a job after graduation.
2. Post-completion OPT
Definition and Timing: Post-completion OPT starts when you finish your academic program. You may work full-time, which means over 20 hours a week in your major course.
Duration: Post-completion OPT normally lasts for 12 months, though applicants’ submission deadlines are very strict as provided in the application process section.
3. STEM OPT Extension
Students who graduated with degrees in eligible fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math can apply for an additional 24 months of OPT after completing their first 12-month period.
Eligibility Criteria: Your degree must be on the STEM Designated Degree Program List from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Employer Requirements:
- The employer must be signed up with the E-Verify system.
- A training plan (Form I-983) must be submitted, explaining how the job matches your degree and career goals.
Duration: With the STEM extension, students in qualifying fields can work for up to 36 months on OPT.
Eligibility Requirements
To apply for OPT, you must meet these requirements:
- F-1 Visa Status: You must hold a valid F-1 visa and maintain your student status throughout your program.
- Full-time Enrollment: You must have completed at least one full academic year of study at your institution.
- Academic Levels: OPT is applicable for students doing a Bachelor’s, Master’s, or Doctorate degree.
Important Points:
- You can’t apply for OPT if you have already used 12 months of full-time Curricular Practical Training (CPT).
- You can apply for OPT again for every level of study, such as Bachelor’s or Master’s.
Application Process
The application process for OPT involves several steps. Be sure to get started early and follow the rules carefully to avoid delays.
Timeline for Applying
- You can apply for OPT up to 90 days before your program ends.
- You can submit your applications within 60 days of the end of your program, but if you wait, you will waste precious time waiting for approval.
How to Apply?
- Get a Recommendation from Your DSO:
Discuss with your university’s Designated School Official (DSO) and request an OPT recommendation. Your DSO will update your I-20 form with the OPT endorsement.
- Complete Form I-765:
As of 2025, the fee to apply is $410. You can check the USCIS website to confirm the current fee.
- Pay the Application Fee:
As of 2025, the application fee is $410. Be sure to confirm the current fee on the USCIS website.
- Submit Supporting Documents:
Add your signed I-20, passport, F-1 visa, recent passport photos, and the filled-out Form I-765.
- Mail Your Application Package: Send your application to the correct USCIS address. You’ll receive a receipt notice confirming they’ve received your application.
- Await Approval: Processing times vary but typically range from 1–3 months. After approval, you’ll get an Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
Tips for Success
- Double-check all forms before submission.
- Keep copies of all documents for your reference.
- Use your USCIS receipt number to track your application status.
Work Authorization and Restrictions
Types of Employment Allowed
Work that is undertaken under OPT should be related to the major. Here are some examples:
- Multiple Employers: It is possible to have more than one job if they all align with your course.
- Freelance Work: You can work as a self-employed individual. You need to have a proper record of all your activities.
- Startups: You can start your own business, provided it aligns with your degree.
Pre-completion OPT Work Hours
- Part-time (up to 20 hours per week): During the academic year.
- Full-time: During breaks of the academic year.
Maintaining F-1 Status
- Do not have more than 90 days of unemployment during post-completion OPT.
- Report changes in employment and/or address within 10 days via your university or SEVIS account.
STEM OPT Extension Details
Eligible Fields
The DHS keeps a list of STEM fields that are eligible for the OPT extension. These fields include computer science, engineering, physical sciences, etc.
Required Documents
- Form I-983, a training plan that you and your employer submit together.
- Employer details, which include their E-Verify ID.
Employer Responsibilities
- Joining the E-Verify program is required.
- Employers must follow reporting rules and provide guidance as explained in Form I-983.
Resources and Support
Official Resources
- USCIS Website: The main source for OPT rules and updates on applications.
- SEVIS Portal: Helps you keep track of job and compliance needs.
University International Offices
Most universities have dedicated staff to assist with OPT applications, STEM extensions, and other immigration questions.
External Support
- NAFSA and IIE are support organizations for international students.
- The career centers will be able to assist with resume building, networking, and applications for jobs.
Conclusion
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity given to international students to begin their work experience in the United States. Understanding its strict rules, preparing your application well in advance, and complying with strict regulations on your visa can help you make the most out of your time on OPT while setting yourself up for future success.
If you’re an F-1 student, don’t hesitate—start planning for OPT today and take the first step toward achieving your career goals!
